{"id":58800,"date":"2023-05-21T10:58:17","date_gmt":"2023-05-21T10:58:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/?page_id=58800"},"modified":"2023-05-21T11:03:34","modified_gmt":"2023-05-21T11:03:34","slug":"costs-and-prices-of-the-slate-trade","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/en\/costs-and-prices-of-the-slate-trade\/","title":{"rendered":"Costs and prices of the slate trade"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"58800\" class=\"elementor elementor-58800\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4bf9312 elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4bf9312\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container 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elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8ea2a57\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1 style=\"color: #54595f; font-size: 14px;\"><strong>Company &gt; <a href=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/historia\/\">History<\/a> &gt;<a href=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/jose-ubaldo-bernardos-sanz\/\">Historical value of the Bernardos slates<\/a><\/strong> &gt; <em>Costs and prices of the slate trade<\/em><\/h1>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2bd6660 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2bd6660\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container 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class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__label\">Jos\u00e9 Ubaldo Bernardos Sanz &#8211; <em style=\"font-size:12px;\">Historian, author of the book \u00abHistorical Value of the Bernardos Slates\u00bb<\/em><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/li>\n<li id=\"jet-mega-menu-item-58752\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item jet-mega-menu-item-type-post_type jet-mega-menu-item-object-page jet-mega-menu-item--default jet-mega-menu-item--top-level jet-mega-menu-item-58752\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/en\/history\/jesus-bernardos-bartolome\/\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__link jet-mega-menu-item__link--top-level\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/free-arrow-right-icon.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__icon\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__title\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__label\">Jes\u00fas Bernardos Bartolom\u00e9 \u2013 Pr\u00f3logo &#8211; <em style=\"font-size:12px;\">Fondateur de PIZARRAS JBERNARDOS<\/em><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/li>\n<li id=\"jet-mega-menu-item-58763\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item jet-mega-menu-item-type-post_type jet-mega-menu-item-object-page jet-mega-menu-item--default jet-mega-menu-item--top-level jet-mega-menu-item-58763\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/en\/origins-of-the-quarries-exploitation\/\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__link jet-mega-menu-item__link--top-level\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/free-arrow-right-icon.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__icon\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__title\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__label\">1. Origins of the quarries exploitation<\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/li>\n<li id=\"jet-mega-menu-item-58797\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item jet-mega-menu-item-type-post_type jet-mega-menu-item-object-page jet-mega-menu-item--default jet-mega-menu-item--top-level jet-mega-menu-item-58797\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/en\/searching-for-the-material\/\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__link jet-mega-menu-item__link--top-level\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/free-arrow-right-icon.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__icon\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__title\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__label\">2. Searching for the material<\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/li>\n<li id=\"jet-mega-menu-item-58798\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item jet-mega-menu-item-type-post_type jet-mega-menu-item-object-page jet-mega-menu-item--default jet-mega-menu-item--top-level jet-mega-menu-item-58798\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/en\/locating-and-selecting-the-deposits\/\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__link jet-mega-menu-item__link--top-level\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/free-arrow-right-icon.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__icon\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__title\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__label\">3. Locating and selecting the deposits<\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/li>\n<li id=\"jet-mega-menu-item-58799\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item jet-mega-menu-item-type-post_type jet-mega-menu-item-object-page jet-mega-menu-item--default jet-mega-menu-item--top-level jet-mega-menu-item-58799\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/en\/organisation-and-exploitation-of-the-quarries-personnel-employed-and-tools\/\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__link jet-mega-menu-item__link--top-level\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/free-arrow-right-icon.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__icon\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__title\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__label\">4. Organisation and exploitation of the quarries. Personnel employed and tools<\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/li>\n<li id=\"jet-mega-menu-item-58805\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item jet-mega-menu-item-type-post_type jet-mega-menu-item-object-page jet-mega-menu-item--default jet-mega-menu-item--top-level jet-mega-menu-item-58805\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/en\/costs-and-prices-of-the-slate-trade\/\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__link jet-mega-menu-item__link--top-level\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/free-arrow-right-icon.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__icon\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__title\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__label\">5. Costs and prices of the slate trade<\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/li>\n<li id=\"jet-mega-menu-item-58818\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item jet-mega-menu-item-type-post_type jet-mega-menu-item-object-page jet-mega-menu-item--default jet-mega-menu-item--top-level jet-mega-menu-item-58818\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/en\/the-works-with-bernardos-slate-in-the-16th-and-17th-centuries\/\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__link jet-mega-menu-item__link--top-level\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/free-arrow-right-icon.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__icon\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__title\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__label\">6. The works with Bernardos slate in the 16th and 17th centuries<\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/li>\n<li id=\"jet-mega-menu-item-58836\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item jet-mega-menu-item-type-post_type jet-mega-menu-item-object-page jet-mega-menu-item--default jet-mega-menu-item--top-level jet-mega-menu-item-58836\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/en\/the-19th-century-decline-in-the-constructions-with-slate\/\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__link jet-mega-menu-item__link--top-level\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/free-arrow-right-icon.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__icon\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__title\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__label\">7. The 19th century. Decline in the constructions with slate<\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/li>\n<li id=\"jet-mega-menu-item-58847\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item jet-mega-menu-item-type-post_type jet-mega-menu-item-object-page jet-mega-menu-item--default jet-mega-menu-item--top-level jet-mega-menu-item-58847\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/en\/arrival-of-the-english-in-bernardos-and-recovery-of-activity-in-the-first-decades-of-the-20th-century\/\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__link jet-mega-menu-item__link--top-level\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/free-arrow-right-icon.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__icon\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__title\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__label\">8. Arrival of the English in Bernardos and recovery of activity in the first decades of the 20th century<\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/li>\n<li id=\"jet-mega-menu-item-62515\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item jet-mega-menu-item-type-custom jet-mega-menu-item-object-custom jet-mega-menu-item--default jet-mega-menu-item--top-level jet-mega-menu-item-62515\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__inner\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__link jet-mega-menu-item__link--top-level\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__title\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__label\">Bibliography<\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/li>\n<li id=\"jet-mega-menu-item-58860\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item jet-mega-menu-item-type-post_type jet-mega-menu-item-object-page jet-mega-menu-item--default jet-mega-menu-item--top-level jet-mega-menu-item-58860\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/en\/annex-works-with-bernardos-slate-between-the-16th-and-early-19th-centuries\/\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__link jet-mega-menu-item__link--top-level\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/free-arrow-right-icon.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__icon\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__title\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__label\">Annex. Works with Bernardos slate between the 16th and early 19th centuries<\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d624c9d\" data-id=\"d624c9d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b00b9df elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b00b9df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"585\" src=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/palacio-real-del-pardo-2-768x585.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-43454\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">The palace has been used as a residence by foreign heads of state when on official visits to Spain.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2a733c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2a733c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5f7732d\" data-id=\"5f7732d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d7b4587 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d7b4587\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\">There were various phases of transformation before the extracted material could be positioned onto buildings, a whole process which generated additional costs and thus added to the price of construction. The pieces had to be slit open and cut into \u201cnormal\u201d dimensions. Data from the early 17th century mention \u201clarge\u201d and \u201csmall\u201d pieces of slate, but the precise measures remain unknown. More information is available for the 1670s, mainly on the weight of the slate pieces sent to the palace of El Escorial to repair the roofing, which had been destroyed in the fire of 1671. From those documents we learn that the slate pieces weighed in average slightly more than a kilogramme per unit.<\/p><p align=\"justify\">Documents from the mid-18th century indicate that a standard piece was half a vara long and about a jeme wide. This means that it measured approximately 42 cm in length (1 vara is 836 mm), and 15-18 cm in width, and is thought to have been half a finger thick (about 0.5 cm). Depending on the dexterity of the slitter-cutter and the natural characteristics of the material, the piece was more or less homogenous. In addition, the final calculation of costs had to include the transportation from the quarry to the construction site, a crucial aspect since it was a very heavy material, which meant a considerable proportional increase in price the further it had to be carried from its place of origin. The weight of the pieces \u2212 which, as stated above, exceeded 1 kg per unit \u2212 was thus an important factor.<\/p><p align=\"justify\">Once cut into the correct shape, the pieces of slate were tied together with ropes made of esparto grass and stacked into loads and bundles. The latter were loaded onto mules, donkeys or carts. If carts were to be used, the pieces were placed on loading platforms near to which the carts could be brought in order to receive the load more easily. The pieces, however, were vulnerable to the unavoidable clattering during transportation, which is why mules were preferred for this purpose. They were also faster. A journey to Madrid with ox carts could last ten days, whereas mules only took four. In 1674, the overseers of the repair of the roofing in El Escorial recognised that:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a87be3e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a87be3e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\">\u00abalthough transportation by cart entails a lower initial price, experience has shown that it ends up being less costly to bring the slate on mounts at the price indicated earlier rather than on carts at a lower price, since the saying \u2032Buy cheap, pay dear\u2032 is nowhere truer than in this instance. Indeed, the carts have to traverse the mountain pass of Guardarrama and the shocks crack the slate, much of which then reaches destination shattered, but must be paid as if it had arrived in perfect condition. Even with the pieces which are in a good state upon arrival, much loss has been known to occur, as many of them break open when the slate masters try to place them because they have been damaged by the clatter on the road&#8230;\u00bb<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f311c0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f311c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\">The contracts recognised the issue of the fragility of the pieces, as can be seen in the shipping instructions to Ucl\u00e9s in 1604, which indicate that the transporters would not be penalised if no more than thirty pieces out of a thousand arrived shattered, that is, a 3% margin. For the construction of the convent of La Visitaci\u00f3n in Madrid in the mid-18th century, most transportation was done on animal back and carts were used in less than 25% of cases. Among the 250.000 slate pieces received in 1755, only 1.3% were unusable.<\/p><p align=\"justify\">In the early phases of the royal works in the 16th century, the cost of slate was calculated by adding up all the salaries and costs related to the exploitation \u2212 workers\u2019 wages, materials and tools, supervision costs \u2212 as well as the transportation costs. In fact, the order of slate for the construction of the house of Diego Vargas was accepted under the condition that the final bill should include all these costs and be charged to the King\u2019s secretary. However, during the reign of Philip II, the price of 1 cuartillo (8.5 maravedis) was established for each piece of slate, which meant that the initial cost of ordering 1000 slate pieces was 250 reales, to which transportation costs had to be added. In the early 17th century, contracts were drawn for slate at 9 maravedis per piece, a slightly higher price than before. The cuartillo price was in force in 1673, when the roofing of El Escorial was reconstructed, as can be seen in the bills and the delivery notes drawn up at the time.<\/p><p align=\"justify\">However, a report from 1711 warns that, in the years following the repair of the convent, the excess of supply had led to a sharp drop in prices down to 140 reales for 1000 slate pieces \u2212 the price indicated in the contracts for the roofing of the royal stables in El Escorial \u2212 but that the price moderately increased again to 160 reales in the early 18th century. An order from 1711 shows the price to be at 122 reales for 1000 pieces, but the quarry administrators claimed that they could not extract for less than 150 reales,<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1232820 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1232820\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\">\u00abgiven the high cost and the amount of work required in comparison to the benefits for the quarry officials and workers\u00bb<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-653d05a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"653d05a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\">In any case, slate was an expensive material to cover roofs. Looking at the repair of the roof in El Escorial between 1671 and 1674, for which more than 400.000 slate pieces were used, the price of each piece was 8.5 maravedis in the quarry, but, adding the transportation costs, the final price paid at the construction site was slightly more than half a real. That is practically the same price as the one in force a century before during the construction of the monastery. Comparing with the cost of brick, it must be noted that the contracts for El Escorial show the price of brick tiles to be at 25 reales for 1000, that is, less than 1 maravedi per piece.<\/p><p align=\"justify\">Nonetheless, the high price of slate was also an indicator of status in an extremely hierarchical society. It is thus unsurprising that slate was seen as a reflection of the preeminence of those who could afford to cover their mansions and buildings with this material: the Crown, the nobility and the Church, as well as the urban wealthy elites. This also explains why the majority of requests for slate were for the upper parts of buildings, such as church towers or spires, and why, in royal works in the 17th century \u2212 such as those for El Buen Retiro, a palace which was the true image of the monarchy \u2212 only slate was used for the spires, although the rest of the construction landscape was dominated by cheap materials.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9bcd869 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9bcd869\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><sup>(20)<\/sup>\u00a0Los cargaderos se rese\u00f1an en las contratas que en 1627 se realizan para llevar material a la Fresneda.<br \/><br \/><sup>(21)<\/sup>\u00a0AHN, Consejos, leg. 17804, a\u00f1o 1674.<br \/><br \/><sup>(22)<\/sup>\u00a0AGP, C\u00aa 13541.<br \/><br \/><sup>(23)<\/sup>\u00a0Ver por ejemplo la contrata con Juan Garc\u00eda Barruelos para el cuarto de la Fresneda en 1627 AHPS, Prot. 7658, fs 182 y ss.<br \/><br \/><sup>(24)<\/sup>\u00a0AHN, Consejos, legs 17804 y 17805. Un real tiene 34 maraved\u00eds y un cuartillo suponen 8,5 maraved\u00eds.<br \/><br \/><sup>(25)<\/sup>\u00a0AGP, Patrimonio S. Ildefonso. C\u00aa 13541.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1b1be76 elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1b1be76\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-144372d\" data-id=\"144372d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f47570 elementor-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"8f47570\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm elementor-animation-pulse\" href=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/?page_id=35398\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-hand-point-left\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Previous<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-04c9bf3\" data-id=\"04c9bf3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-917bf63 elementor-align-right elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"917bf63\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm elementor-animation-pulse\" href=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/?page_id=43459\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-hand-point-right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Next<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-af234bd elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"af234bd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b7bd529\" data-id=\"b7bd529\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff6ec9c elementor-align-left elementor-mobile-align-left elementor-widget-mobile__width-auto elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"ff6ec9c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm elementor-animation-pulse\" href=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/?page_id=35398\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-hand-point-left\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Anterior<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ca68c50\" data-id=\"ca68c50\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b5176f elementor-align-left elementor-mobile-align-left elementor-widget-mobile__width-auto elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"4b5176f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm elementor-animation-pulse\" href=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/?page_id=43459\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-hand-point-right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Siguiente<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d04bccb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d04bccb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d662f9b\" data-id=\"d662f9b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-505837c elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"505837c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>History Company Services Sustainble Catalogs Company &gt; History &gt;Historical value of the Bernardos slates &gt; Costs and prices of the slate trade Jos\u00e9 Ubaldo Bernardos Sanz Jes\u00fas Bernardos Bartolom\u00e9 &#8211; Foreword Origins of the quarries exploitation Searching for the material Locating and selecting the deposits Organisation and exploitation of the quarries. Personnel employed and tools [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-58800","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Costs and prices of the slate trade - naturpiedra JBERNARDOS<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/en\/costs-and-prices-of-the-slate-trade\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Costs and prices of the slate trade - naturpiedra JBERNARDOS\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"History Company Services Sustainble Catalogs Company &gt; History &gt;Historical value of the Bernardos slates &gt; Costs and prices of the slate trade Jos\u00e9 Ubaldo Bernardos Sanz Jes\u00fas Bernardos Bartolom\u00e9 &#8211; Foreword Origins of the quarries exploitation Searching for the material Locating and selecting the deposits Organisation and exploitation of the quarries. 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