{"id":58782,"date":"2023-05-20T11:00:26","date_gmt":"2023-05-20T11:00:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/?page_id=58782"},"modified":"2023-05-20T11:13:05","modified_gmt":"2023-05-20T11:13:05","slug":"organisation-and-exploitation-of-the-quarries-personnel-employed-and-tools","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/en\/organisation-and-exploitation-of-the-quarries-personnel-employed-and-tools\/","title":{"rendered":"Organisation and exploitation of the quarries. Personnel employed and tools"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"58782\" class=\"elementor elementor-58782\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dcf151b elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dcf151b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a0ad48e\" data-id=\"a0ad48e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d8905b4 elementor-widget__width-auto elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"d8905b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-size-xs\" role=\"button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">History<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-519a365 elementor-widget__width-auto elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"519a365\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-xs\" href=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/empresa\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Company<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bbd9686 elementor-widget__width-auto elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"bbd9686\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-xs\" href=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/servicios\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Services<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d884d06 elementor-widget__width-auto elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"d884d06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-xs\" href=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/sostenibilidad\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Sustainble<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9f1cf1 elementor-widget__width-auto elementor-widget 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tabindex=\"-1\">Empresa<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-37263\"><a href=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/servicios\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Servicios<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-37264\"><a href=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/sostenibilidad\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Sostenibilidad<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42225\"><a href=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/catalogos-naturpiedra\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Cat\u00e1logos<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1080cdf elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1080cdf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d03ec49\" data-id=\"d03ec49\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90da60b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"90da60b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1 style=\"color: #54595f; font-size: 14px;\"><strong>Company &gt; <a href=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/historia\/\">History<\/a> &gt;<a href=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/jose-ubaldo-bernardos-sanz\/\">Historical value of the Bernardos slates<\/a><\/strong> &gt; <em>Organisation and exploitation of the quarries. Personnel employed and tools<\/em><\/h1>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2bd6660 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2bd6660\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a157ab8\" data-id=\"a157ab8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b18c7e elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-mega-menu\" data-id=\"5b18c7e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-mega-menu.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"jet-mega-menu jet-mega-menu--layout-vertical jet-mega-menu--sub-position-right jet-mega-menu--dropdown-layout-default jet-mega-menu--dropdown-position-right jet-mega-menu--animation-none jet-mega-menu--location-elementor    jet-mega-menu--fill-svg-icons\" data-settings='{\"menuId\":\"298\",\"menuUniqId\":\"69d136a64291e\",\"rollUp\":false,\"megaAjaxLoad\":false,\"layout\":\"vertical\",\"subEvent\":\"hover\",\"subCloseBehavior\":\"mouseleave\",\"mouseLeaveDelay\":500,\"subTrigger\":\"item\",\"subPosition\":\"right\",\"megaWidthType\":\"container\",\"megaWidthSelector\":\"\",\"breakpoint\":768,\"signatures\":[]}'><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-toggle\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Open\/Close Menu\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-toggle-icon jet-mega-menu-toggle-icon--default-state\"><svg class=\"svg-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"img\" focusable=\"false\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M5 15H15V13H5V15ZM5 5V7H15V5H5ZM5 11H15V9H5V11Z\" fill=\"currentColor\"\/><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-toggle-icon jet-mega-menu-toggle-icon--opened-state\"><svg class=\"svg-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"img\" focusable=\"false\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M14.95 6.46L11.41 10L14.95 13.54L13.54 14.95L10 11.42L6.47 14.95L5.05 13.53L8.58 10L5.05 6.47L6.47 5.05L10 8.58L13.54 5.05L14.95 6.46Z\" fill=\"currentColor\"\/><\/svg><\/div><\/div><nav class=\"jet-mega-menu-container\" aria-label=\"Main nav\"><ul class=\"jet-mega-menu-list\"><li id=\"jet-mega-menu-item-58753\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item jet-mega-menu-item-type-post_type jet-mega-menu-item-object-page jet-mega-menu-item--default jet-mega-menu-item--top-level jet-mega-menu-item-58753\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/en\/history\/jose-ubaldo-bernardos-sanz\/\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__link jet-mega-menu-item__link--top-level\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/free-arrow-right-icon.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__icon\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__title\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__label\">Jos\u00e9 Ubaldo Bernardos Sanz &#8211; <em style=\"font-size:12px;\">Historian, author of the book \u00abHistorical Value of the Bernardos Slates\u00bb<\/em><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/li>\n<li id=\"jet-mega-menu-item-58752\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item jet-mega-menu-item-type-post_type jet-mega-menu-item-object-page jet-mega-menu-item--default jet-mega-menu-item--top-level jet-mega-menu-item-58752\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/en\/history\/jesus-bernardos-bartolome\/\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__link jet-mega-menu-item__link--top-level\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/free-arrow-right-icon.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__icon\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__title\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__label\">Jes\u00fas Bernardos Bartolom\u00e9 \u2013 Pr\u00f3logo &#8211; <em style=\"font-size:12px;\">Fondateur de PIZARRAS JBERNARDOS<\/em><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/li>\n<li id=\"jet-mega-menu-item-58763\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item jet-mega-menu-item-type-post_type jet-mega-menu-item-object-page jet-mega-menu-item--default jet-mega-menu-item--top-level jet-mega-menu-item-58763\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/en\/origins-of-the-quarries-exploitation\/\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__link jet-mega-menu-item__link--top-level\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/free-arrow-right-icon.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__icon\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__title\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__label\">1. Origins of the quarries exploitation<\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/li>\n<li id=\"jet-mega-menu-item-58797\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item jet-mega-menu-item-type-post_type jet-mega-menu-item-object-page jet-mega-menu-item--default jet-mega-menu-item--top-level jet-mega-menu-item-58797\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/en\/searching-for-the-material\/\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__link jet-mega-menu-item__link--top-level\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/free-arrow-right-icon.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__icon\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__title\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__label\">2. Searching for the material<\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/li>\n<li id=\"jet-mega-menu-item-58798\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item jet-mega-menu-item-type-post_type jet-mega-menu-item-object-page jet-mega-menu-item--default jet-mega-menu-item--top-level jet-mega-menu-item-58798\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/en\/locating-and-selecting-the-deposits\/\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__link jet-mega-menu-item__link--top-level\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/free-arrow-right-icon.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__icon\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__title\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__label\">3. Locating and selecting the deposits<\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/li>\n<li id=\"jet-mega-menu-item-58799\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item jet-mega-menu-item-type-post_type jet-mega-menu-item-object-page jet-mega-menu-item--default jet-mega-menu-item--top-level jet-mega-menu-item-58799\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/en\/organisation-and-exploitation-of-the-quarries-personnel-employed-and-tools\/\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__link jet-mega-menu-item__link--top-level\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/free-arrow-right-icon.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__icon\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__title\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__label\">4. Organisation and exploitation of the quarries. Personnel employed and tools<\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/li>\n<li id=\"jet-mega-menu-item-58805\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item jet-mega-menu-item-type-post_type jet-mega-menu-item-object-page jet-mega-menu-item--default jet-mega-menu-item--top-level jet-mega-menu-item-58805\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/en\/costs-and-prices-of-the-slate-trade\/\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__link jet-mega-menu-item__link--top-level\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/free-arrow-right-icon.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__icon\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__title\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__label\">5. Costs and prices of the slate trade<\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/li>\n<li id=\"jet-mega-menu-item-58818\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item jet-mega-menu-item-type-post_type jet-mega-menu-item-object-page jet-mega-menu-item--default jet-mega-menu-item--top-level jet-mega-menu-item-58818\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/en\/the-works-with-bernardos-slate-in-the-16th-and-17th-centuries\/\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__link jet-mega-menu-item__link--top-level\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/free-arrow-right-icon.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__icon\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__title\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__label\">6. The works with Bernardos slate in the 16th and 17th centuries<\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/li>\n<li id=\"jet-mega-menu-item-58836\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item jet-mega-menu-item-type-post_type jet-mega-menu-item-object-page jet-mega-menu-item--default jet-mega-menu-item--top-level jet-mega-menu-item-58836\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/en\/the-19th-century-decline-in-the-constructions-with-slate\/\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__link jet-mega-menu-item__link--top-level\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/free-arrow-right-icon.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__icon\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__title\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__label\">7. The 19th century. Decline in the constructions with slate<\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/li>\n<li id=\"jet-mega-menu-item-58847\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item jet-mega-menu-item-type-post_type jet-mega-menu-item-object-page jet-mega-menu-item--default jet-mega-menu-item--top-level jet-mega-menu-item-58847\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/en\/arrival-of-the-english-in-bernardos-and-recovery-of-activity-in-the-first-decades-of-the-20th-century\/\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__link jet-mega-menu-item__link--top-level\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/free-arrow-right-icon.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__icon\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__title\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__label\">8. Arrival of the English in Bernardos and recovery of activity in the first decades of the 20th century<\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/li>\n<li id=\"jet-mega-menu-item-62515\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item jet-mega-menu-item-type-custom jet-mega-menu-item-object-custom jet-mega-menu-item--default jet-mega-menu-item--top-level jet-mega-menu-item-62515\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__inner\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__link jet-mega-menu-item__link--top-level\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__title\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__label\">Bibliography<\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/li>\n<li id=\"jet-mega-menu-item-58860\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item jet-mega-menu-item-type-post_type jet-mega-menu-item-object-page jet-mega-menu-item--default jet-mega-menu-item--top-level jet-mega-menu-item-58860\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/en\/annex-works-with-bernardos-slate-between-the-16th-and-early-19th-centuries\/\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__link jet-mega-menu-item__link--top-level\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/free-arrow-right-icon.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__icon\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__title\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__label\">Annex. Works with Bernardos slate between the 16th and early 19th centuries<\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d624c9d\" data-id=\"d624c9d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b00b9df elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b00b9df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"530\" src=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/herramientas-utilizadas-para-la-explotacion-de-canteras-francesas-de-pizarra-en-el-siglo-XVIII-768x530.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-35403\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Tools used for the exploitation of French slate quarries in the 18th century.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2a733c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2a733c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5f7732d\" data-id=\"5f7732d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d7b4587 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d7b4587\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\">The exploitation of the quarries required specialised personnel who understood how to carry out the tasks of prospecting and extracting the material, but also nonspecialised workers to assist with the strenuous work of levelling, clearing debris and transporting the rocks. In addition, part of the cutting work and elaboration of the pieces also took place in the quarries before the pieces were transported to the construction sites. Therefore, miners and slate extractors made their way to Bernardos to take over the exploitation of the quarry, along with other workers in charge of cutting and fabricating the pieces for the roofs. There were thus two main specialised functions: on the one hand, extracting, and on the other hand, working on the material and transforming it into the pieces then used on the roofs. The increase in the activity in the Bernardos quarries, the specialisation of functions and the necessity for a minimum organisation to take over the daily management raised the question of the need to find a supervisor for the everyday work. An overseer of the quarries was thus designated \u2013 later renamed \u201cadministrator\u201d \u2013 who was in charge of transmitting orders related to the requests for the material, preparing the weekly payslips for the personnel, planning the tasks ahead according to the directives of the higher entities and maintaining the tools. Some overseers lent tools to individual workers, such as Sebasti\u00e1n P\u00e9rez, who declared in his will that he lent such instruments as mattocks and bars \u2013 something which subsequent instructions sharply prohibited doing. The workers organised themselves in groups to work together in given spots, since several groups could work on different spots depending on the intensity of the work in that area.<\/p><p align=\"justify\">The first specialists to arrive were miners from Burgundy who took care of extracting the first shipments that were then sent to Valsa\u00edn and Madrid. The earliest payslips found were from 1561 and relate to the presence of two miners, Jean de Bordeaux and Antoine de Hosbo, both from Fumay, a French town in the Ardennes region, and of two workers from Santa Mar\u00eda de Nieva who assisted the Burgundian men. There was also a local man from Bernardos who took the slate to the works site in Valsa\u00edn. Subsequently, at the end of 1562, Gaspar de Vega sent Jean Ru and Gonzalo L\u00f3pez, a French and Spanish slate master, respectively, to find and bring back more specialists from France. The latter arrived in 1563 \u2013 some of them with their families \u2013 from the French region of Angers, more precisely from Saint Leonard, one of the main slateproducing areas. Gaspar de Vega announced their arrival in midMarch affirming that<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b98a93 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7b98a93\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\">\u00abthey are very good apprentices, both are married and bringing their wives, and they are both young\u00bb<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4aaf912 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4aaf912\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\">and that their wages would be lower than the workers previously hired for this job. More men arrived later, so that in total there were eight foreign specialists.<\/p><p align=\"justify\">Groups were formed to organise the exploitation. When times were not too busy, all men worked in the same location carrying out different tasks: first, one had to clear and dig up the river bank with mattocks and pickaxes \u2013 this was done by labourers. The \u201cextractors\u201d hauled out pieces of rock in the shape of thick blocks. The \u201cbeaters\u201d used mallets and wedges to split the blocks and make them manageable. The \u201ccleavers\u201d slit the pieces open and the \u201ccutters\u201d exfoliated the rock until it reached the dimensions required for the slate. Labourers were given secondary tasks. In times of high demand, the work had to be carried out in various deposit locations and the habitual tasks were distributed among the active work groups.<\/p><p align=\"justify\">The working hours usually followed the sun. There were two different periods: during the period between the day of Santa Cruz in May (May 3rd) and the day of Santa Cruz in September (September 14th), the workers had shifts from 6am until sunset; during the rest of the year, they started one hour later and worked until sunset. Since the working day was much longer in the summertime, a break of two hours was granted for lunchtime, and another hour for an afternoon refreshment. By contrast, the only break during the wintertime was one hour for lunch.<\/p><p align=\"justify\">The daily wages handed to the workers varied depending on their specialisation. The foreign experts received the highest salaries and the amounts decreased from there, with the labourers at the bottom of the scale. Not all foreign experts received the same wages, however, as the Burgundian experts had higher salaries than the French ones.<\/p><p align=\"justify\">In order to carry out the tasks required, the quarry workers could count on a good collection of tools, many of which were similar to those in the illustration below showing the tools used in French quarries in the 18th century: mattocks, shovels and pickaxes to clear and uncover the banks, mallets or maces to strike the variouslysized wedges which were used to open up the banks, bars with hooks or with a flat and narrow end to move and lever up the banks, mallets made of holm oak wood to strike the shimming and exfoliating tools, and cutting tools to shape the piece into the required dimensions. Hand barrows were necessary to haul the debris and carry the pieces from the quarries to the crafting location. A chopping block was used to rest the slate in order to split it open.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3f9df9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c3f9df9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\">Due to the large quantity of tools used and to the need to maintain them, it became necessary to have a forge inside the quarry. Like all other forges of that period, the quarry forge used charcoal and bellows to keep the flame alive and the temperature high, as well as grindstones. In the forge, the tools were readied, the mattocks, pickaxes and wedges sharpened. New tools were also fabricated, such as choppers and wedges, which needed to be put through a process whereby steel was poured on them to make them harder and thus more effective for work. In the 1570s, Francisco L\u00f3pez \u2212 son of the blacksmith who ran the village forge \u2212 worked in the quarry forge. According to the 1575 decrees, he received two reales and one cuartillo for each of work and the charcoal which he used, but his wages were adjusted if there was more work. By 1581, his salary had reached three reales and 14 maravedis, and was further increased to four reales a few months later, but this meant that Francisco had to abide by the schedule of the other tasks and, if work demanded it, stay until he finished sharpening the tools needed for the next day. In addition, if there was no forging work to be done, he had to join the extracting work. However, when the workload was heavy, he was assigned a labourer to assist him. The quarry also included a house to store the slate.<\/p><p align=\"justify\">In times of high demand for slate, workers from surrounding villages joined the workers from Bernardos, often arriving to the quarry by foot. During the exploitation of the Arco quarry, workers from Armu\u00f1a, Carbonero and Mozoncillo were employed, while at the Castillo quarry, the labourers were from Miguelib\u00e1\u00f1ez or even Melque. In the 16th century, in the periods of strongest activity, it is thought that around fifty workers were employed in the quarries, but there were attempts to avoid hiring too youbg or old people young or too old, hiring relatives as a favour or even simply hiring too many employees, as shown in the orders received by the administrator in 1587:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d0c2c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8d0c2c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\">\u201c&#8230; keep the number of total workers \u2212 counting experts, daily workers and labourers \u2212 down to approximately 30 at all times, lest you should want to pay their wages from your own pocket, and maintain these numbers until you are told differently \u2026\u201d<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84819f2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"84819f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\">The French technicians who arrived in the 1560s worked in the quarries during the reign of Philip II, but were gone by the turn of the century. Some returned home, and others died in Bernardos while their families returned to Angers, as was the case of Juana Bancor, wife of Arn\u00e9 Godre, who arrived in 1574. Lastly, some took root in the village and married local women, such as Juan Morreo who married Ana del Castillo, the sister of master extractor Juan del Castillo, or Fabian Lambasi, who took Ana Sanz as his wife.<\/p><p align=\"justify\">The overseers of the royal constructions were concerned with the learning of the profession of extracting and crafting the slate. For this reason, they sent out clear instructions stressing the need to have apprentices who were capable of assimilating the knowledge. Juan del Castillo was one of the first Spaniards to reach the rank of technician. Records from 1581 read:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f0ef96e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f0ef96e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\">\u201c\u2026 Juan del Castillo shall go slitting and cutting the rocks with an apprentice who must be taught this profession. This apprentice will be Alonso Garc\u00eda, son of Pedro Garc\u00eda, a neighbour from Bernardos, as was recommended to us and agreed upon with him. And Juan del Castillo must receive one real each day this year of 1581, so that he keeps an eye on Alonso while he learns to shim and so that he teaches him this profession. The next year in 1582, Juan del Castillo must receive one real and a half each day and henceforward he must be paid based on his work, that is, for the days in which he indeed works, and should said Alonso Garcia be found not as able and well-performing as is required, he can be dismissed and replaced by another apprentice whom the overseer deems worthy &#8230; \u201d<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6513f74 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6513f74\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\">Juan del Castillo later taught the trade to his son Antonio. The latter used this advantage when he proclaimed the merits of his experience in order to be granted the rank of administrator, a role which was passed on within the family for generations. In the document which appointed Antonio del Castillo as administrator in 1629, he was ordered to:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f311c0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f311c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\">\u201c&#8230; serve and work in the quarries when it becomes necessary to extract slate for the construction of my houses and other royal buildings (&#8230;) and you are not allowed to give or sell slate to anyone without a licence or an order from me. In like manner, you are obliged to teach this profession to your two sons and to any other person whom I shall designate, so that my kingdom should never lack people who know and can practice this trade (&#8230;) \u201d<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0cd0324 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0cd0324\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\">In the document which announced the appointment of Juan del Castillo as administrator in 1663, it was recalled that he had:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1232820 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1232820\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\">\u201cbeen educated in the work of the quarries, as you helped your father for more than twenty years in extracting slate &#8230;\u201d<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bfe4458 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bfe4458\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\">The overseers or administrators who managed the quarries \u2212 and without whose authorisation it was impossible to extract slate for constructions \u2212 were the King\u2019s officials, and, as such, were granted certain privileges, such as certain positions as councilmen or exemption from military duty. They earned 15.000 maravedis annually, but this sum was reduced to half from the middle of the 17th century onwards, as they had to pay a tax which took half of their wages.<\/p><p align=\"justify\">In 1738, a conflict for the position of administrator arose between Juan del Castillo and Silvestre de Segovia. They were close relatives. At first Juan del Castillo received the appointment at the beginning of 1738 at the request of the manager of San Ildefonso. The document detailing this appointment does not proclaim Juan\u2019s merits in terms of working at the quarry, but affirms that \u201che knows the quarries, can read, write and count well, and is reasonable so as to be able to work with the extractors.\u201d However, Silvestre de Segovia voices an appeal against this appointment and flaunts his experience as extractor for twenty three years, as well as that of his father and grandfather for more than seventy; and adds that his father had opened a plentiful quarry, bearing the cost himself. Silvestre de Segovia was eventually given the position. This did not prove fruitful for him in terms of pay, however, as he presented a complaint in 1748, for he \u2212 a \u201cpoor man with a large family\u201d \u2212 had not received his salary since his appointment ten years prior. From 1676 onwards, the inhabitants of Carbonero el Mayor opened a quarry in the right bank of the Eresma river, and appointed themselves administrators there as well, in order to regulate the exploitation.<\/p><p align=\"justify\">The subtle glow or radiance produced by the roofs was one of the determining factors in the final choice of the material and is mentioned in the orders given to the master of the works. The planning of the tasks is detailed in the same letter:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51af387 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"51af387\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\">And so I ordered that eight apt skilled workers should be sought, two to extract the slate, four to cut, polish, and lay the pieces, and the last two to build the wooden frames for the roofs and assemble them. And they will shall depart in time to return back home for the spring. In the meantime, you must have the adequate wood chopped and smoothed down so that it is prepared for the roofs, and have men diligently search for slate as near the house as possible, so that the workers do not waste any time upon arrival&#8230;<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-19688ee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"19688ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\">The King even advises on the nearest location in which he has seen the material:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16fe0db elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"16fe0db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\">The nearest location in which [slate] can be found is in Santa Mar\u00eda de Nieva. I was passing through there one day and I observed that slate was being used to build a church.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-264e0cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"264e0cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\">The reference to Santa Mar\u00eda de Nieva is not coincidental, as the town was located on the route used by the Court when they travelled from Valladolid and Segovia. The origins of Santa Mar\u00eda de Nieva \u2212 which was founded by the monarchy \u2212 are related to the discovery of the Virgin of Soterra\u00f1a, and to the foundation of a monastery by Catherine of Lancaster, the wife of King Henry III, at the end of the 14th century. The town church is that which Philip II mentions in his letter.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c280c0 elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3c280c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"580\" src=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/tabla-naturpiedra-La-Organizacion-de-la-Explotacion-en-las-Canteras-1024x742.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-43098\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-17b65ec elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"17b65ec\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-60b2aeb\" data-id=\"60b2aeb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea9cdf1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ea9cdf1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1500\" height=\"647\" src=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/M-Fougeroux-1761-planche-IV-1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-43090\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1deff3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d1deff3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\">The Flemish slate masters arrive to Valladolid in July of the same year, and two carpenters, Juan de Bruselas y Gutierre de Spina, were sent out later from Flanders by Cardinal Granvela. By 1562 the number of slate masters from Flanders had increased to eight: Regnesson de Wart, Jaequenin Hallart, Lienatt Tehoncur, Jean de la Ret and Nicolas Bonsar, all of them from Liege, as well as Jean Bonsart and Hans Bethemans from Antwerp and Gilles Marcq, from Lier. Each of them probably earned approximately 200 maravedis per day, regardless of whether it was a holiday or not. They were assisted by a naimaker named Juan Colin. More slate masters such as Juan Ru arrived from France at a later point, and the art of the trade started being taught to local masters such as Gonzalo L\u00f3pez, one of the first Spanish slate masters. Another man to learn the trade was Pedro Mu\u00f1oz, who arranged the slate for numerous works such as the Casa de la Moneda in Segovia, works around La Fuenfr\u00eda, the towers of the Segovia town hall or the Palace of Lerma, and who ran the quarries of Bernardos as administrator for more than thirty years. Pedro Mu\u00f1oz insisted that the work of a slate master ended at the moment of laying the slate on the roofs, as he made clear in a letter which he sent to the supervisor of royal works in 1623 reporting on the works in La Fuenfr\u00eda:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c28c9fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c28c9fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\">Your Grace, I must warn you that the man who extracts the slate is not a slate master but an extractor, which is a distinct and different type of work.\u2019\u2019<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d1078e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1d1078e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bb73204 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bb73204\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\"><div class=\"elementor-widget-container\"><p>M. Fougeroux, 1761, planche IV<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f16d47c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f16d47c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\"><div class=\"elementor-widget-container\"><p><sup>(9)<\/sup>\u00a0Archivo Hist\u00f3rico Provincial de Segovia (AHPS). Prot 8101, f. 832.<br \/><br \/><sup>(10)<\/sup>\u00a0La informaci\u00f3n de la \u00e9poca distingue entre sacadores borgo\u00f1ones y franceses. En aquella \u00e9poca el ducado de Borgo\u00f1a, que pertenec\u00eda a la Casa de Austria, era una entidad pol\u00edtica distinta del reino de Francia.<br \/><br \/><sup>(11)<\/sup>\u00a0Archivo de la Biblioteca del Escorial (ABE) IX-17.<br \/><br \/><sup>(12)<\/sup>\u00a0ABE, VII-44, octubre de 1581.<br \/><br \/><sup>(13)<\/sup>\u00a0Fourgeroux, 1761, planche I, fragmento.<br \/><br \/><sup>(14)<\/sup>\u00a0Zarco Cuevas, p. 99 y ABE, instrucciones 1587.<br \/><br \/><sup>(15)<\/sup>\u00a0A BE-VII 44, Instrucci\u00f3n 1581<br \/><br \/><sup>(16)<\/sup>\u00a0Archivo General de Palacio (AGP), Reales C\u00e9dulas, t. XIII, fs 12v-13.<br \/><br \/><sup>(17)<\/sup>\u00a0AGP, Exp. Pers. 988\/7.<br \/><br \/><sup>(18)<\/sup>\u00a0AGP, exp. Pers 222\/37.<br \/><br \/><sup>(19)<\/sup>\u00a0AGP, Exp. Pers 988\/15.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2efa3e elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2efa3e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-89de81e\" data-id=\"89de81e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-179256b elementor-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"179256b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm elementor-animation-pulse\" href=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/?page_id=35386\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-hand-point-left\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Previous<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-715869d\" data-id=\"715869d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-64f3660 elementor-align-right elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"64f3660\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm elementor-animation-pulse\" href=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/?page_id=43445\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-hand-point-right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Next<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5345614 elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5345614\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-18e9690\" data-id=\"18e9690\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b941e6 elementor-align-left elementor-mobile-align-left elementor-widget-mobile__width-auto elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"7b941e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm elementor-animation-pulse\" href=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/?page_id=35386\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-hand-point-left\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Anterior<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1c0da6f\" data-id=\"1c0da6f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed35b91 elementor-align-left elementor-mobile-align-left elementor-widget-mobile__width-auto elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"ed35b91\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm elementor-animation-pulse\" href=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/?page_id=43445\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-hand-point-right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Siguiente<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f42c226 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f42c226\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4088c66\" data-id=\"4088c66\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eb74fa elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"0eb74fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>History Company Services Sustainble Catalogs Company &gt; History &gt;Historical value of the Bernardos slates &gt; Organisation and exploitation of the quarries. Personnel employed and tools Jos\u00e9 Ubaldo Bernardos Sanz Jes\u00fas Bernardos Bartolom\u00e9 &#8211; Foreword Origins of the quarries exploitation Searching for the material Locating and selecting the deposits Organisation and exploitation of the quarries. Personnel [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-58782","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Organisation and exploitation of the quarries. Personnel employed and tools - naturpiedra JBERNARDOS<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/en\/organisation-and-exploitation-of-the-quarries-personnel-employed-and-tools\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Organisation and exploitation of the quarries. Personnel employed and tools - naturpiedra JBERNARDOS\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"History Company Services Sustainble Catalogs Company &gt; History &gt;Historical value of the Bernardos slates &gt; Organisation and exploitation of the quarries. 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