{"id":58754,"date":"2023-05-18T18:18:17","date_gmt":"2023-05-18T18:18:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/?page_id=58754"},"modified":"2023-05-20T10:28:00","modified_gmt":"2023-05-20T10:28:00","slug":"origins-of-the-quarries-exploitation","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/en\/origins-of-the-quarries-exploitation\/","title":{"rendered":"Origins of the quarries exploitation"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"58754\" class=\"elementor elementor-58754\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2979dbf elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2979dbf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container 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elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b475b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1 style=\"color: #54595f; font-size: 14px;\"><strong>Company &gt; <a href=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/historia\/\">History<\/a> &gt;<a href=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/jose-ubaldo-bernardos-sanz\/\">Historical value of the Bernardos slates<\/a><\/strong> &gt; <em>Origins of the quarries exploitation<\/em><\/h1>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ec7af77 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ec7af77\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-40f8a2d\" data-id=\"40f8a2d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0d47686 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-mega-menu\" data-id=\"0d47686\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-mega-menu.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"jet-mega-menu jet-mega-menu--layout-vertical jet-mega-menu--sub-position-right jet-mega-menu--dropdown-layout-default jet-mega-menu--dropdown-position-right jet-mega-menu--animation-none jet-mega-menu--location-elementor    jet-mega-menu--fill-svg-icons\" 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class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__label\">Jos\u00e9 Ubaldo Bernardos Sanz &#8211; <em style=\"font-size:12px;\">Historian, author of the book \u00abHistorical Value of the Bernardos Slates\u00bb<\/em><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/li>\n<li id=\"jet-mega-menu-item-58752\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item jet-mega-menu-item-type-post_type jet-mega-menu-item-object-page jet-mega-menu-item--default jet-mega-menu-item--top-level jet-mega-menu-item-58752\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/en\/history\/jesus-bernardos-bartolome\/\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__link jet-mega-menu-item__link--top-level\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/free-arrow-right-icon.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__icon\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__title\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__label\">Jes\u00fas Bernardos Bartolom\u00e9 \u2013 Pr\u00f3logo &#8211; <em style=\"font-size:12px;\">Fondateur de PIZARRAS JBERNARDOS<\/em><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/li>\n<li id=\"jet-mega-menu-item-58763\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item jet-mega-menu-item-type-post_type jet-mega-menu-item-object-page jet-mega-menu-item--default jet-mega-menu-item--top-level jet-mega-menu-item-58763\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/en\/origins-of-the-quarries-exploitation\/\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__link jet-mega-menu-item__link--top-level\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/free-arrow-right-icon.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__icon\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__title\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__label\">1. Origins of the quarries exploitation<\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/li>\n<li id=\"jet-mega-menu-item-58797\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item jet-mega-menu-item-type-post_type jet-mega-menu-item-object-page jet-mega-menu-item--default jet-mega-menu-item--top-level jet-mega-menu-item-58797\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/en\/searching-for-the-material\/\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__link jet-mega-menu-item__link--top-level\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/free-arrow-right-icon.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__icon\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__title\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__label\">2. Searching for the material<\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/li>\n<li id=\"jet-mega-menu-item-58798\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item jet-mega-menu-item-type-post_type jet-mega-menu-item-object-page jet-mega-menu-item--default jet-mega-menu-item--top-level jet-mega-menu-item-58798\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/en\/locating-and-selecting-the-deposits\/\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__link jet-mega-menu-item__link--top-level\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/free-arrow-right-icon.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__icon\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__title\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__label\">3. Locating and selecting the deposits<\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/li>\n<li id=\"jet-mega-menu-item-58799\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item jet-mega-menu-item-type-post_type jet-mega-menu-item-object-page jet-mega-menu-item--default jet-mega-menu-item--top-level jet-mega-menu-item-58799\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/en\/organisation-and-exploitation-of-the-quarries-personnel-employed-and-tools\/\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__link jet-mega-menu-item__link--top-level\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/free-arrow-right-icon.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__icon\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__title\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__label\">4. Organisation and exploitation of the quarries. Personnel employed and tools<\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/li>\n<li id=\"jet-mega-menu-item-58805\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item jet-mega-menu-item-type-post_type jet-mega-menu-item-object-page jet-mega-menu-item--default jet-mega-menu-item--top-level jet-mega-menu-item-58805\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/en\/costs-and-prices-of-the-slate-trade\/\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__link jet-mega-menu-item__link--top-level\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/free-arrow-right-icon.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__icon\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__title\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__label\">5. Costs and prices of the slate trade<\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/li>\n<li id=\"jet-mega-menu-item-58818\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item jet-mega-menu-item-type-post_type jet-mega-menu-item-object-page jet-mega-menu-item--default jet-mega-menu-item--top-level jet-mega-menu-item-58818\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/en\/the-works-with-bernardos-slate-in-the-16th-and-17th-centuries\/\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__link jet-mega-menu-item__link--top-level\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/free-arrow-right-icon.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__icon\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__title\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__label\">6. The works with Bernardos slate in the 16th and 17th centuries<\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/li>\n<li id=\"jet-mega-menu-item-58836\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item jet-mega-menu-item-type-post_type jet-mega-menu-item-object-page jet-mega-menu-item--default jet-mega-menu-item--top-level jet-mega-menu-item-58836\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/en\/the-19th-century-decline-in-the-constructions-with-slate\/\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__link jet-mega-menu-item__link--top-level\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/free-arrow-right-icon.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__icon\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__title\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__label\">7. The 19th century. Decline in the constructions with slate<\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/li>\n<li id=\"jet-mega-menu-item-58847\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item jet-mega-menu-item-type-post_type jet-mega-menu-item-object-page jet-mega-menu-item--default jet-mega-menu-item--top-level jet-mega-menu-item-58847\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/en\/arrival-of-the-english-in-bernardos-and-recovery-of-activity-in-the-first-decades-of-the-20th-century\/\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__link jet-mega-menu-item__link--top-level\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/free-arrow-right-icon.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__icon\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__title\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__label\">8. Arrival of the English in Bernardos and recovery of activity in the first decades of the 20th century<\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/li>\n<li id=\"jet-mega-menu-item-62515\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item jet-mega-menu-item-type-custom jet-mega-menu-item-object-custom jet-mega-menu-item--default jet-mega-menu-item--top-level jet-mega-menu-item-62515\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__inner\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__link jet-mega-menu-item__link--top-level\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__title\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__label\">Bibliography<\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/li>\n<li id=\"jet-mega-menu-item-58860\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item jet-mega-menu-item-type-post_type jet-mega-menu-item-object-page jet-mega-menu-item--default jet-mega-menu-item--top-level jet-mega-menu-item-58860\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/en\/annex-works-with-bernardos-slate-between-the-16th-and-early-19th-centuries\/\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__link jet-mega-menu-item__link--top-level\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/free-arrow-right-icon.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__icon\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__title\"><div class=\"jet-mega-menu-item__label\">Annex. Works with Bernardos slate between the 16th and early 19th centuries<\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-bff16e0\" data-id=\"bff16e0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0bba509 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0bba509\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/VALOR-HISTORICO-DE-LAS-PIZARRAS-DE-BERNARDOS-origen-768x768.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-35348\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/VALOR-HISTORICO-DE-LAS-PIZARRAS-DE-BERNARDOS-origen-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/VALOR-HISTORICO-DE-LAS-PIZARRAS-DE-BERNARDOS-origen-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/VALOR-HISTORICO-DE-LAS-PIZARRAS-DE-BERNARDOS-origen-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/VALOR-HISTORICO-DE-LAS-PIZARRAS-DE-BERNARDOS-origen-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d982f5c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d982f5c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df08ec6\" data-id=\"df08ec6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3568246 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3568246\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\">Philip II arrived upon the throne of Spain at the beginning of 1556, following the abdication of his father \u2212 the Emperor Charles V. He thus became the most powerful monarch of his time, owning such a vast expanse of land that it was said that \u201cthe sun never set\u201d over his territory. His reign lasted until his death in 1598. He was educated by excellent masters in a refined atmosphere, thanks to which he developed a taste for fine arts. It is worth observing that great masters such as Tiziano and El Greco worked as court painters for him. Art and architecture historians agree that slate was introduced in royal artwork during the reign of Philip II as a result of an exclusively individual decision by the monarch. This choice was based on his knowledge and taste in architecture which he acquired and developed as a prince throughout his trips accross in Italy, Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands and England, to which he travelled to wed Queen Mary Tudor, his second marriage. In practice, however, slate was introduced by the architects who were working under the monarch\u2019s orders: Juan Bautista de Toledo, Luis de Vega, Gaspar de Vega, Francisco de Mora, Juan de Herrera, etc. These men turned the monarch\u2019s wishes into a reality.<\/p><p align=\"justify\">The choice of slate was a response to the fascination which overtook the King when he observed the constructions built with that material during his trips accross in the countries mentioned above. His reign is a period of effervescent construction of royal buildings, located mainly between Segovia, Madrid and Toledo and coincides with the Court\u2019s decision in 1561 to settle in Madrid as the Kingdom\u2019s permanent capital city. The configuration of the new style implied a challenge as well as a commitment from the royal architects to reflect their monarch\u2019s wishes in the buildings which they designed. One of the strongest characters involved in this regard came from Gaspar de Vega, who oversaw the construction of the Valsa\u00edn Palace and who also often visited other European countries, sometimes accompanied by Philip II himself. Gaspar de Vega took notes on the buildings which he saw during his visits, finding suggestions for his own drawings and designs.<\/p><p align=\"justify\">The new architectural style entailed not only the adoption of a new material but also new techniques and the employment of new professionals to carry out some of the works, such as carpenters for the new roof structures. It was thus necessary to bring in new knowledge and people, as well as specific tools (such as nails to support the solidification of the slate, which were brought from Flanders) to help and disseminate the know-how among the local professionals.<\/p><p align=\"justify\">1559 marks the start of the new construction process which incorporated slate in the construction of royal buildings. In the letters which Philip II exchanged with Gaspar de Vega, they pondered alternative options on materials to be used, and it was then that they decided to set aside lead. Although he was a proponent of this material, Gaspar de Vega mentions the issue of lead stains in a letter written to the King in January 1559. In his response, the King finds even more disadvantages in the use of lead<sup>(1)<\/sup> :<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-25942ef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"25942ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\">\u00abThe first problem is that lead would load up the house, and the other is that it would make it very warm in the summertime, as we have learnt from experience in this area. It appears to me that it would be best to build roofs in the manner of those states and cover them with slate, which, as you have seen, look magnificent&#8230;<sup>(2)<\/sup>\u00ab<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87ddefd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"87ddefd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\">The subtle glow or radiance produced by the roofs was one of the determining factors in the final choice of the material and is mentioned in the orders given to the master of the works. The planning of the tasks is detailed in the same letter:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c681ea0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c681ea0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\">\u00abAnd so I ordered that eight apt skilled workers should be sought, two to extract the slate, four to cut, polish, and lay the pieces, and the last two to build the wooden frames for the roofs and assemble them. And they will shall depart in time to return back home for the spring. In the meantime, you must have the adequate wood chopped and smoothed down so that it is prepared for the roofs, and have men diligently search for slate as near the house as possible, so that the workers do not waste any time upon arrival&#8230;\u00bb<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c7ba52 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2c7ba52\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\">The King even advises on the nearest location in which he has seen the material:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bff9ab0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bff9ab0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\">\u00abThe nearest location in which [slate] can be found is in Santa Mar\u00eda de Nieva. I was passing through there one day and I observed that slate was being used to build a church.\u00bb<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-993da60 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"993da60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\">The reference to Santa Mar\u00eda de Nieva is not coincidental, as the town was located on the route used by the Court when they travelled from Valladolid and Segovia. The origins of Santa Mar\u00eda de Nieva \u2212 which was founded by the monarchy \u2212 are related to the discovery of the Virgin of Soterra\u00f1a, and to the foundation of a monastery by Catherine of Lancaster, the wife of King Henry III, at the end of the 14th century. The town church is that which Philip II mentions in his letter.<\/p><p align=\"justify\">The Flemish slate masters arrive to Valladolid in July of the same year, and two carpenters, Juan de Bruselas y Gutierre de Spina, were sent out later from Flanders by Cardinal Granvela. By 1562 the number of slate masters from Flanders had increased to eight: Regnesson de Wart, Jaequenin Hallart, Lienatt Tehoncur, Jean de la Ret and Nicolas Bonsar, all of them from Liege, as well as Jean Bonsart and Hans Bethemans from Antwerp and Gilles Marcq, from Lier. Each of them probably earned approximately 200 maravedis per day, regardless of whether it was a holiday or not. They were assisted by a naimaker named Juan Colin<sup>(3)<\/sup>. More slate masters such as Juan Ru arrived from France at a later point, and the art of the trade started being taught to local masters such as Gonzalo L\u00f3pez, one of the first Spanish slate masters. Another man to learn the trade was Pedro Mu\u00f1oz, who arranged the slate for numerous works such as the Casa de la Moneda in Segovia, works around La Fuenfr\u00eda, the towers of the Segovia town hall or the Palace of Lerma, and who ran the quarries of Bernardos as administrator for more than thirty years. Pedro Mu\u00f1oz insisted that the work of a slate master ended at the moment of laying the slate on the roofs, as he made clear in a letter which he sent to the supervisor of royal works in 1623 reporting on the works in La Fuenfr\u00eda:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89ab670 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"89ab670\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\">\u00abYour Grace, I must warn you that the man who extracts the slate is not a slate master but an extractor, which is a distinct and different type of work.<sup>(4)<\/sup>\u00ab<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91f89db elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"91f89db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><sup>1)<\/sup>\u00a0AGS, CC y SS. Reales, leg. 267: f. 61 \u201cpero vinieron maltratadas, muchas de ellas horadadas (&#8230;) ser\u00eda bien traerlo en balones y traer un oficial de los que lo hacen all\u00e1 para que ac\u00e1 lo fundiese (&#8230;) y yo certifico a Vmag, que si no fuese por la mucha costa, que en toda esta casa del bosque ser\u00eda gran bien hacerle todos los tejados de plomo\u201d. El plomo fue un material utilizado en estos a\u00f1os en lugares como el Alc\u00e1zar de Segovia y el palacio de Aranjuez.<br \/><br \/><sup>(2)<\/sup>\u00a0E. Llaguno \u201c1977\u201d, tomo II, pp. 198-9. En la carta, el Rey hace referencia al conocimiento de Gaspar de Vega de la arquitectura y el tipo de tejados del norte tras haber viajado y conocido zonas de Francia y los Pa\u00edses Bajos. Al respecto, L. Cervera Vera (1979). Sobre la atracci\u00f3n que despertaban los tejados de pizarra tenemos el testimonio por ejemplo de otro gran observador, M. de Montaigne \u201c1994\u201d, p. 29 que en el siglo XVI alaba las casas privadas en la ruta desde Suiza a Alemania\u00a8 \u201dsans comparaison plus belles qu\u2019en France, et n\u2019ont faute que d\u2019ardoises&#8230;\u201d (Sin comparaci\u00f3n, m\u00e1s bellas que en Francia, y solo las falta las pizarras&#8230;\u201d).<br \/><br \/><sup>(3)<\/sup>Cano de Gardoqui, 1991, p. 294.<br \/><br \/><sup>(4)<\/sup>AGP, San Ildefonso, C\u00aa 13536, 19, septiembre de 1623<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0c949b5 elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0c949b5\" data-element_type=\"section\" 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fa-hand-point-left\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Anterior<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5258f99\" data-id=\"5258f99\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f226875 elementor-align-left elementor-mobile-align-left elementor-widget-mobile__width-auto elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"f226875\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm elementor-animation-pulse\" href=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/?page_id=35375\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-hand-point-right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Siguiente<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2414a6d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2414a6d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element 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exploitation Searching for the material Locating and selecting the deposits Organisation and exploitation of the quarries. Personnel employed and tools Costs and [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-58754","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Origins of the quarries exploitation - naturpiedra JBERNARDOS<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/naturpiedra.com\/es\/en\/origins-of-the-quarries-exploitation\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Origins of the quarries exploitation - naturpiedra JBERNARDOS\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"History Company Services Sustainble Catalogs Company &gt; History &gt;Historical value of the Bernardos slates &gt; Origins of the quarries exploitation Jos\u00e9 Ubaldo Bernardos Sanz Jes\u00fas Bernardos Bartolom\u00e9 &#8211; Foreword Origins of the quarries exploitation Searching for the material Locating and selecting the deposits Organisation and exploitation of the quarries. 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